EcosystemsWoodland and ancient forest Peatland and bog Wetland and floodplain Rivers and freshwater Coast, estuary and saltmarsh Marine and seabed Grassland and meadow Heathland Mountain and alpine Urban green space Farmland habitatPressuresHabitat loss and fragmentation Agricultural intensification Water abstraction and drought Nutrient pollution and eutrophication Sewage and water quality Invasive species Development and infrastructure Overfishing Soil degradation Light and noise pollution Peat extraction and horticultural peat bans PFAS and chemical contamination Plastic and microplastic pollution Avian influenza in wild bird populations ash dieback Xylella phytophthora Illegal killing and trapping of migratory birds Bottom trawling inside marine protected areas Salmon farming and sea lice Renewable energy and grid infrastructure siting Roads, rail and habitat severanceProtectionNatura 2000 network Special Areas of Conservation National parks across Europe EU Nature Restoration Law Water Framework Directive Marine protected areas National designations by country Rewilding projects Agri-environment schemes Enforcement and infringement cases Emerald Network and the Bern Convention Ramsar wetlands of international importance UNESCO Biosphere Reserves and natural World Heritage sites Birds Directive and Special Protection Areas Invasive Alien Species Regulation and the Union list EU Deforestation Regulation Marine Strategy Framework Directive Nitrates Directive and the Urban Waste Water Directive Environmental Liability Directive Common Agricultural Policy eco-schemes and conditionalityRestorationPeatland restoration River re-meandering and dam removal Woodland creation and natural regeneration Species reintroduction Seagrass and oyster reef restoration Urban greening Measuring restoration success Funding restoration Beaver reintroduction, licensing and management Large herbivore grazing and naturalistic grazing Managed realignment of the coast Weir removal and fish passes Kelp and shellfish reef restoration Wildflower meadow creation Restoring quarries and post-industrial land Baselines, monitoring and how success is actually measured Cost per hectare and who paysLiving with natureAccess to nature and right to roam Community conservation Citizen science and recording Land ownership and stewardship Farming and nature together Green jobs Nature and health Wolf, bear and lynx coexistence and depredation compensation Beaver flooding and management licences Hunting regulation across Europe Wildlife crime, raptor persecution and enforcement Recording schemes and how to submit a record Nature and the planning system for householders Payments for nature on farmlandNewsSpeciesgrey wolf Eurasian lynx Iberian lynx brown bear European bison beaver wildcat white stork Eurasian curlew turtle dove corncrake capercaillie bearded vulture red kite Atlantic salmon European eel sturgeon freshwater pearl mussel harbour porpoise Mediterranean monk seal bluefin tuna seabirds Pollinators and invertebrates Amphibians and reptiles European Red List and IUCN status Bern Convention and Habitats Directive annex species Reintroductions and returning speciesCountriesUnited Kingdom and Ireland France, Belgium and the Netherlands Germany, Austria and Switzerland Spain and Portugal Italy, Greece and Croatia Poland, Czechia, Slovakia and Hungary Romania and Bulgaria Sweden, Finland, Norway and Denmark Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania National designations and agencies by country

Land ownership and stewardship

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